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WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics Date: 5–8 April 2011 Location: Stellenbosch, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7354-1140-1 Editor(s): Beth A. Cunningham

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Preface: International Conference on Women in Physics

Beth A. Cunningham

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 1-2; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794204 (2 pages)

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01.10.Fv	Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Conference Resolution

Beth A. Cunningham

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 5-5; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794205 (1 page)

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01.10.Fv	Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

PART ONE: RESULTS OF THE CONFERENCE

Opening Remarks

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Welcome to the fourth IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics

Silvina Ponce Dawson

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 9-9; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794206 (1 page)

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99.10.Np

Editorial note

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To IUPAP's Women in Physics

Cecilia Jarlskog

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 10-11; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794207 (2 pages)

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01.75.+m	Science and society
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Welcome to South Africa!

Igle Gledhill

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 12-12; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794208 (1 page)

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99.10.Np

Editorial note

Select this Article FREE		Out of the shadows and into the spotlight Beverly Karplus Hartline and Theodore Hodapp AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 13-14; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794209 (2 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
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We simply do not highlight the importance of women often and strongly enough

Cyril Jooste

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 15-16; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794210 (2 pages)

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01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

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Excluding women from science and engineering cuts the talent pool in half

Lulu Xingwana

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 17-18; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794211 (2 pages)

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99.10.Np

Editorial note

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We have not yet properly unleashed the scientific talent of half of our people

Naledi Pandor

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 19-20; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794212 (2 pages)

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99.10.Np

Editorial note

PART TWO: CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Discussion Summaries

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Professional development

Jin Hee Yoon, Beverly Karplus Hartline, and Marina Milner-Bolotin

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 25-28; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794213 (4 pages)

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The three sessions of the professional development workshop series were each designed for a different audience. The purpose of the first session was to help mid-career physicists aspire for and achieve leadership roles. The second session brought together students, postdoctoral fellows, and early-career physicists to help them plan their career goals and navigate the steps important to launching a successful career. The final session sought to increase awareness of the results of physics education research, and how to use them to help students-especially women-learn physics better. The presentations and discussions were valuable for both female and male physicists.

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01.10.Hx	Physics organizational activities
01.40.gb	Teaching methods and strategies
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Improving the workplace environment for female physicists

Gillian Butcher

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 29-29; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794214 (1 page)

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The ideal workplace is one in which women and men can work to their potential and are respected and recognized for their contribution. But what are the conditions that would create this environment, and how can we achieve this? This paper highlights some of the best practices, discussed in a single-session workshop, to improve the workplace environment for female (and male) physicists. While there are many actions that can be taken at the personal, local, and even national level, it is necessary to understand when the issues have broader societal implications. Likewise, working toward the ideal environment should not lead us to ignore the necessity of training and assisting women to work effectively in the existing environment.

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01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

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Leaving and entering a career in physics

Shobhana Narasimhan, Setsuko Tajima, and Jin-Hee Yoon

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 30-32; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794215 (3 pages)

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Although a continuous research career is desirable for physicists, women often face situations that force them to interrupt their careers. Concerning the career-break problem, we discussed four issues. First, we analyzed the factors that force women to leave physics. Second, we discussed the effects of an interruption in a physics career. Should women continue to work as scientists without any break, at all costs? Or is it possible (and perhaps even better) to choose a more flexible career path? Third, we discussed the ways to retain women in physics. As an example, we focused on one of the most difficult problems: dual-career couples. Finally, we also discussed some possible ways in which one could support and facilitate women returning to a physics career after a break.

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01.75.+m	Science and society
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Gender studies and the role of women in physics

K. Renee Horton and J. C. Holbrook

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 33-34; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794216 (2 pages)

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While many physicists care about improving the success of women in physics, research on effective intervention strategies has been meager. What research that does exist focuses largely on the dynamics of under-representation: the factors that discourage women from choosing and remaining committed to the physics community. Rather than focusing on these deficits, this workshop set out to provide tools physicists can use to produce, analyze, and apply evidence about what works for women.

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01.10.Hx	Physics organizational activities
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Attracting girls to physics

Anne Borg and Manling Sui

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 35-37; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794217 (3 pages)

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Large regional differences remain in the number of girls studying physics and the number of female physicists in academic positions. While many countries struggle with attracting female students to university studies in physics, climbing the academic ladder is the main challenge for these women. Furthermore, for many female physicists the working climate is not very supportive. The workshop Attracting Girls to Physics, organized as part of the 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics, South Africa 2011, addressed attitudes among education-seeking teenagers and approaches for attracting young girls to physics through successful recruitment plans, including highlighting the broad spectrum of career opportunities for those with physics qualifications. The current paper presents findings, examples of best practices, and recommendations resulting from this workshop.

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01.10.Fv	Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

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Scientific networking in disciplines

Ching-Ray Chang, Ann Marks, and Silvina Ponce Dawson

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 38-40; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794218 (3 pages)

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Scientific networking occurs at various levels. There are regional and worldwide professional organizations that link together national physical societies (IUPAP, EPS, AAPPS, FeLaSoFi), providing a platform to exchange ideas and advance common agendas. National and international agencies have special lines of funding for scientific collaboration between groups of various countries. Some of these lines are targeted at improving science education at all levels. There are then personal networks that link people with common interests or who know each other for any reason. The International Conferences on Women in Physics have provided a unique opportunity for female physicists from all over the world to start a network of interactions that can involve all sorts of collaborative efforts. In the three-session workshop organized at ICWIP11, we discussed these various issues that the worldwide scientific community faces. In this paper we summarize the main ideas that surged during the meeting and provide the list of recommendations that were to start and keep an active network of female physicists and to foster scientific collaboration regionally and internationally.

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01.10.Fv	Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

Plenary Papers

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Physics involvement in ancient Chinese chime bells

Yanlai Yan, Kangmin Chai, Huahan Liang, and Lingda Kong

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 43-48; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794219 (6 pages)

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A study of the acoustic characteristics of the Zeng Hou Yi chime bells from the fifth century BC during the Chinese Bronze Age.

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43.75.Kk

Bells, gongs, cymbals, mallet percussion, and similar instruments

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The use of phthalocyanines in cancer therapy

Tebello Nyokong and Igle Gledhill

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 49-52; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794220 (4 pages)

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Phthalocyanines are synthetic analogues of porphyrins employed as photosensitizers in cancer therapy. We present the history of photodynamic therapy and developments in the use of phthalocyanines as photosensitizers. New efforts in the development of more cancer-specific phthalocyanines are presented. The combination of phthalocyanines with nanoparticles for "combination therapy" of cancer is also discussed. The nanoparticles employed are quantum dots, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles.

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87.19.xj	Cancer
87.50.wp	Therapeutic applications
87.85.Rs	Nanotechnologies-applications

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The global survey of physicists: A collaborative effort illuminates the situation of women in physics

Rachel Ivie, Casey Langer Tesfaye, Roman Czujko, and Raymond Chu

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 53-61; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794221 (9 pages)

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The results of the Global Survey of Physicists draw attention to the need to focus on factors other than representation when discussing the situation of women in physics. Previous studies of women in physics have mostly focused on the lack of women in the field. This study goes beyond the obvious shortage of women and shows that there are much deeper issues. For the first time, a multinational study was conducted with approximately 15,000 respondents from 130 countries, showing that problems for women in physics transcend national borders. Across all countries, women have fewer resources and opportunities and are more affected by cultural expectations concerning child care. We show that limited resources and opportunities hurt career progress, and because women have fewer opportunities and resources, their careers progress more slowly. We also show the disproportionate effects of children on women physicists' careers. Cultural expectations about home and family are difficult to change. However, for women to have successful outcomes and advance in physics, they must have equal access to resources and opportunities.

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01.75.+m	Science and society
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

Select this Article FREE		Space weather phenomena in the equatorial ionosphere Archana Bhattacharyya AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 62-66; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794222 (5 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Our increasing dependence on space-based technological systems requires that we understand the factors that determine "space weather", which affects the operation of satellites as well as space-based communication and navigation systems. The latter are particularly vulnerable to conditions in the dip equatorial ionosphere where geometry of the geomagnetic field creates conditions for the growth of certain plasma instabilities, which produce sub-kilometer scale structure in the ionospheric plasma that are capable of scattering VHF and higher frequency radio waves. The phenomenon of the equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) that occurs in the postsunset equatorial and low latitude ionosphere is therefore an important component of space weather in this region. Forecasting of this space weather phenomenon involves not only the identification of ambient conditions responsible for the day-to-day variation in its occurrence and spatial structure during magnetically quiet periods but also understanding the influence of solar variability on these conditions. This paper discusses briefly our present understanding of the role played by certain parameters of the equatorial ionosphere in the development of EPBs and the influence of solar activity on the equatorial ionosphere, in the context of its role in the generation of ionospheric irregularities that may be detrimental to the operation of space-based communication and navigation systems.

Country Papers

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Women in physics in Albania

Antoneta Deda

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 69-69; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794223 (1 page)

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A study is presented about women physicists in Albania, their problems, their achievements, the work done by the Women in Physics Group in Albania, the difficulties of attracting more girls to the field of physics, and plans and projects for the future to improve the situation.

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01.55.+b	General physics
01.78.+p	Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)

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Update on women in physics in Argentina

Vera Brudny, Cecilia Lagorio, Marisa Frechero, and Francisco Tamarit

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 70-71; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794224 (2 pages)

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Data collected 10 years ago in Argentina concluded that women in physics were underrepresented in many instances and that a "crystal ceiling" was firmly in place. We have collected updated data for several indicators and compared them with those obtained 10 years ago. Although there is not a clear conclusion to be drawn from this comparison, we try to explain the results within the framework of the changes in scientific policies in Argentina.

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01.40.-d	Education
01.75.+m	Science and society

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Status of women in physics in Australia

C. P. Foley

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 72-73; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794225 (2 pages)

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Up to 2006 there was some improvement for women in physics in Australia; since then there has been a decline. Women are underrepresented in all aspects of physics education and work, including school, university, and research laboratories. In addition, women physicists usually have lower seniority and earn less. This scenario is compounded by recent inactivity of the Australian Institute of Physics women's group since December 2010.

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01.55.+b	General physics
01.78.+p	Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)

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Women in physics in Bangladesh

Shamima K. Choudhury

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 74-75; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794226 (2 pages)

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Bangladesh has had a glorious physics tradition since the beginning of the last century, when the physicist S.N. Bose published a groundbreaking paper with Albert Einstein on Bose-Einstein statistics. However, women in Bangladesh traditionally have not been able to make their way in the realm of science in general and physics in particular. Since Bangladesh achieved independence in 1971, the situation has gradually changed and more and more women choose physics as an academic discipline. The percentage of women students in physics rose from 10% in 1970 to almost 30% in 2010. In recent years, women physicists have actively participated in many activities promoting science and technology, creating awareness among the public about the importance of physics education. The present status of women physicists in academic, research, and administrative programs in the government and private sectors in Bangladesh is reported. The greater inclusion of women scientists, particularly physicists, in policy-making roles on important issues of global and national interest is suggested.

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01.40.-d	Education
01.65.+g	History of science
01.75.+m	Science and society
01.78.+p	Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
01.85.+f	Careers in physics and science

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Belarusian female physicists: Statistics and perspectives

Julia Fedotova and Iya Tashlykova-Bushkevich

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 76-77; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794227 (2 pages)

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The experience for women in physics remains challenging in Belarus. The proportion of female physics master's degree recipients is approximately 30%, while the percentage of female physics PhD recipients is 50%. Still, only a few female physicists occupy top positions in research laboratories, institutes, or universities. The basic problem for career-oriented female physicists in Belarus is public opinion, which cultivates a passive and dependent life philosophy for women. The Belarusian Women in Physics group was formed in 2003 as part of the Belarusian Physical Society.

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01.55.+b	General physics
01.78.+p	Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)

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Women and physics in Brazil: Publications, citations and H index

Jeferson J. Arenzon, Patrícia Duarte, Solange Cavalcanti, and Marcia C. Barbosa

AIP Conf. Proc. 1517, pp. 78-79; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794228 (2 pages)

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In the last decade, the main Brazilian research funding agencies, CNPq and CAPES, have introduced gender projects aimed to understand the situation of women in general and in science in particular. These projects have led to an increased awareness of the problem. There is still a long way to go in the quest for equal access to opportunities and resources. This paper compares the production and quality of work of female scientists with their male colleagues in the physics and astronomy grant-funded research community in Brazil.

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