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INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON ADVANCES IN APPLIED PHYSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE Date: 12–15 May 2011 Location: Antalya, (Turkey) ISBN: 978-0-7354-0971-2 Editor(s): Muhammed Hasan Aslan, Ahmet Yayuz Oral, Mehmet Özer, Süleyman Hikmet Çaglar

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PREFACE: International Congress on Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science (APMAS2011)

Muhammed Hasan Aslan, Ahmet Yavuz Oral, Mehmet Özer, and Süleyman Hikmet Çağlar

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 1-1; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663074 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
06.20.fb Standards and calibration
05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos

The Neural Network In Coordinate Transformation

Ahmet Yucel Urusan

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 7-14; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663076 (8 pages)

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In international literature, Coordinate operations is divided into two categories. They are coordinate conversion and coordinate transformation. Coordinates converted from coordinate system A to coordinate system B in the same datum (mean origine, scale and axis directions are same) by coordinate conversion. There are two different datum in coordinate transformation. The basis of each datum to a different coordinate reference system. In Coordinate transformation, coordinates are transformed from coordinate reference system A to coordinate referance system B. Geodetic studies based on physical measurements. Coordinate transformation needs identical points which were measured in each coordinate reference system (A and B). However it is difficult (and need a big reserved budget) to measure in some places like as top of mountain, boundry of countries and seaside. In this study, this sample problem solution was researched. The method of learning which is one of the neural network methods, was used for solution of this problem.
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07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management

The Earth's Magnetic Field Lines And Earthquake Relations

Ahmet Yucel Urusan

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 15-22; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663077 (8 pages)

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Earthquake is one of the natural disasters and very important for human life. A lot of people die every year all over the world due to earthquakes. It is very difficult to develop early warning method for earthquakes because of it has 3000 parameters. The earthquake scientists and other people involved are very hard working about this matter. Governments allocate a significant budget for earthquakes. In this study, the earth magnetic field has been researched for early warning. The questions are any tectonic plate movement is effect of the Earth magnetic field lines or changing of the Earth magnetic field lines are effect any tectonic plate. Greater than 7 M earthquakes have been chosen in this study. And 12 years period changing graphics of the earth magnetic field lines where the chosen earthquake locals have been taken.
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91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
91.25.Ng Paleomagnetism
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management

EIT Based Gas Detector Design by Using Michelson Interferometer

K. Abbasian, A. Rostami, and M. H. Abdollahi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 23-27; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663078 (5 pages)

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Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is one of the interesting phenomena of light–matter interaction which modifies matter properties for propagation of light. In other words, we can change the absorption and refractive index (RI) in neighborhood of the resonant frequency using EIT. In this paper, we have doped 3‐level quantum dots in one of the Michelson Interferometer's mirror and used EIT to change its RI. So, a controllable phase difference between lights in two arms of interferometer is created. Long response time is the main drawback of Michelson interferometer based sensor, which is resolved by this technique.
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42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
07.60.Ly Interferometers

Design of All‐Optical Loadable and Erasable Memory Cell by LWI and EIT Effects

K. Abbasian, N. G. Verki, and A. Rostami

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 28-32; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663079 (5 pages)

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We have designed a loadable and erasable all optical memory unit cell by using two coupled micro‐ring resonators structure. To read out stored data we have created additional phase in the upper ring by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon induced by inserted Λ‐type three level quantum dots in the right hand half of the upper ring. Also, for compensating the fiber loss, we have used lasing without inversion (LWI) by inserted Y‐type four level QDs in the left hand half of the both rings. This optical memory unit cell can work in only one photon‐scale energy.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
73.21.La Quantum dots
42.15.Eq Optical system design
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software

Studying the sintering behavior of BeOx–SiC1−x Composite ceramic Material

Tarik Talib Issa

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 33-36; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663080 (4 pages)

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The sintering behavior for BeO‐SiC compacts composite ceramic at different sintering temperatures in air were conducted, resulting data indicated that the percentage of SiC (Wt% 5) sintered at 800 C° lead to higher sintering density of (1.80 gm∕cm3). The x‐ray diffraction pattern analysis indicated nothing change concerning the crystal structure. Microstructure development has been studied as a function SiC content. Silicon carbide found to be suppressed the sinter ability of the matrix BeO powder.
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81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
61.05.cp X-ray diffraction
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

Current Carriers Scattering on the Neutral Impurity Atoms in Crystals of Indium Phosphide

Nodar Kekelidze, Elza Khutsishvili, David Khomasuridze, Bella Kvirkvelia, Leonti Gabrichidze, and Nana Kobulashvili

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 37-42; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663081 (6 pages)

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Electrical properties of n‐type crystals of indium phosphide in the temperature range 4.2–300 K have been investigated. Comparison of experimental and theoretical data of carriers mobility has shown, that current carriers scattering on the neutral impurity atoms cannot be explained by the theory based on the model of current carriers scattering by neutral hydrogen type atoms. The carriers mobility, concerned with scattering on the neutral impurity atoms, cannot be explained only in terms of scattering on the neutral centers. There should be taken into account the contribution of disorder scattering, associated with disordered arrangement of neutral impurity atoms in InP.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping

Controlling The Temperature Of Equal Channel Angular Rolling Process to Obtain Nano‐grain Structure in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

Fatemeh Zahra Hassani‐Jabali and Mostafa Ketabchi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 43-47; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663082 (5 pages)

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Equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process, based on equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), which is carried out on large, thin sheets. In this research an AZ31 magnesium alloy was subjected to ECAR. The temperature of process was controlled before each passes. To maximize the grain refinement efficiency with preventing cracking the initial passes were carried out at higher temperature than the later passes. Observation of optical microstructure confirmed refinement of grains during the process. The distribution of grains was become narrower by increasing number of passes. After 10 passes of process significant grain refinement was occurred and the grains about 40 nm were achieved in grain boundaries of previous larger grains. Formation of nanograin structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The X‐ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the rotation of basal plane after ECAR, this trend caused to better ductility of specimens which was clearly shown in stress‐strain curves. Mechanical properties were studied by tensile and hardness tests at room temperature. After ECAR the yield stresses (YS) of the ECARed AZ31 alloys decreased while their elongation to failure increased which could be attributed to smaller grain size and easier slip because of texture modification.
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81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness

Reflectance Spectrum Analysis of a Ternary 1D Photonic Crystal Including Left‐handed Materials

Abdolrasul Gharaati and Zeinab Zare

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 48-51; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663083 (4 pages)

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In this paper, the total reflection of a ternary 1D photonic crystal with a negative refractive index layer is calculated. Then, the dispersion relation is obtained analytically by using the Bloch theorem. The reflectance spectrum of this structure are investigated under the different incident angles and compared with the reflectance of a conventional structure with positive refractive index. Finally the reflectance spectra are plotted by changing the thicknesses of 2nd and 3rd layers.
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78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization

The Study of Temperature Distribution in Rectangular Resonators with Multi‐Sources

Abdolrasoul Gharaati and Abdolreza Mahmoodi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 52-55; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663084 (4 pages)

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In this paper, we study the temperature distribution function (TDF) for multi‐sources that have been out of axis in a rectangular resonator. First, the inhomogeneous heat equation will be solved by Green function method in a Cartesian coordinate system that top‐hat pumping will be applied. Then, their results will be plotted by maple. The results show that when the number of source is increased, the TDF in the resonator is considerably smoothed. We can use this method to study the variation of the optical properties of system such as refractive index, stress, and strain etc.
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42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque

Temperature Dependent Electrical Characteristics Of Cu∕CuS∕n‐Si∕Au‐Sb Structure Deposited By SILAR Method

B. Güzeldir, M. Sağlam, and A. Ateş

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 56-59; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663085 (4 pages)

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We have reported a study of the I‐V characteristics of Cu∕CuS∕n‐Si∕Au‐Sb sandwich structure in a wide temperature range of 80–300 K by a step of 20 K, which are prepared by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. A decrease in the barrier height, an increase in the ideality factor and a nonlinearity in the activation energy plot with a decrease in temperature have been seen. The ideality factor and barrier height values as a function of the sample temperature have been attributed to the presence of the lateral inhomogeneities of the barrier height. The temperature dependence of the I‐V characteristics of the Cu∕CuS∕n‐Si∕Au‐Sb structure can reveal the existence of Gaussian distribution. The mean barrier height and the Richardson constant values are obtained from the modified Richardson plot.
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07.20.Dt Thermometers
73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
79.40.+z Thermionic emission

Nonlinear Analysis of Shaking Conveyers with Single‐mass; Crank‐and‐Rod Exciters

G. Füsun Alışverişçi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 60-65; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663086 (6 pages)

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The single mass, crank‐and‐rod exciters shaking (vibrational) conveyers has a trough supported on elastic stands which are rigidly fastened to the trough and a supporting frame. The trough is oscillated by a common crank drive. This vibration causes the load to move forward and upward. The moving loads jump periodically and move forward with relatively small vibration. The movement is strictly related to vibrational parameters. This is applicable in laboratory conditions in the industry that accommodate a few grams of loads, up to those that accommodate tons of loading capacity. In this study is the transitional behavior across resonance, during the starting of a single degree of freedom vibratory system excited by crank‐and‐rod. A loaded vibratory conveyor is more safe to start than an empty one. Shaking conveyers with cubic nonlinear spring and ideal vibration exciter have been analyzed analytically for primary resonance by the Method of Multiple Scales, and numerically. The approximate analytical results obtained in this study have been compared with the numerical results, and have been found to be well matched.
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46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and dispersion)
46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
45.50.Dd General motion
06.30.Ft Time and frequency

Nonlinear Analysis of Unbalanced Mass of Vertical Conveyer‐Elevator

Hüseyin Bayıroğlu

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 66-70; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663087 (5 pages)

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The Vertical conveyers have a cylindrical casing, a helical open trough or closed pipe is attached at the outside or at the inside of the vertical tubular casing, along which the load can be transported from the bottom upwards. A vibration‐exciting drive is mounted at the top or bottom of the casing to impart to the latter directed vibrations along and around the vertical axis, which cause the load to move upwards along the helix. In this work, nonlinear analysis for the change of the parameters of the motion, stability condition, and the jump phenomena has been shown graphically.
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46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and dispersion)
45.50.Dd General motion
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
06.30.Dr Mass and density

Approximate Solutions for a Nonlinear Transverse Vibration of an Elastically Restrained Tapered Beam

Seher Durmaz, Sezgin Altay Demirbag, and Metin O. Kaya

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 71-76; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663088 (6 pages)

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This paper introduces the approximate solutions of the mathematical model of elastically restrained tapered beam. At the beginning of the study, the equation of motion is derived. The frequency‐amplitude relation is deduced and numerically solved. Hamiltonian approach method is implemented to solve the established model. The numerical results for the first, the second and the third order approximations are further compared with the approximate analytical solutions for both small and large amplitude of oscillations, and a very good agreement is observed.
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46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability
02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
46.70.De Beams, plates, and shells
02.30.Gp Special functions

Polyester Based On Biodiesel Industry Residues

Ricardo F. Carvalho, Nadia M. Jose, Adriana L. S. Carvalho, Cleidiene S. Miranda, and Natasha I. R. Thomas

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 77-81; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663089 (5 pages)

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Biodiesel production is growing exponentially offering the energy network an alternative fuel from renewable sources. However, large quantities of crude glycerol are generated as a bi‐product (10–30%) wt during the transesterification process of biodiesel. Although glycerol in its purified form has a number of uses, crude glycerol obtained from the biodiesel industry contains many impurities and requires expensive purification processes resulting in vast amounts of glycerol without adequate destination which are causing rise to many environmental concerns. Large scale applications of glycerol are necessary to accompany its production. Polyesters obtained via the polycondensation of glycerol with aromatic acids were prepared in different ratios. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate thermal stability. The composite structure was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (DRX). These aromatic polyesters could offer a low cost environmentally compatible material for the production of components such as tiles, boards, sanitary vases and sinks for the construction industry.
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88.05.Bc Energy efficiency; definitions and standards
81.20.Ym Purification
81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys

Pozzolan Obtained by Mechanochemical Treatment of Kaolinite Clay

Aleksandra A. Mitrović

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 82-86; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663090 (5 pages)

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Pozzolans are supplementary materials added to Portland cement in order to increase the mechanical strength and durability of concrete structures. A number of thermal, mechanical and chemical methods have been used to activate the reactive potential of pozzolanic materials. The aim of the study is to obtain pozzolana, from Serbian kaolinite clay by mechanochemical treatment. Kaolinite clay Garaši was subjected to mechanical treatment during different times of milling. The changes were monitored using particle size distribution (PSD) analyses, thermal methods [thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA)] and X‐ray diffraction methods (XRD). The pozzolanic activity was determined using Chapelle method. Milling withing 20 min influences particle size decrease and after that time continuous increase. XDR analysis indicates gradual decrease of cristallinity with prolonged milling time. The higher values for pozzolanic activitie, expressed through consumption of gCa(OH)2 per gPozzolana are 0.78 and 0.77, and they were obtained for milling times 20 and 40 min, respectively. The values are comparable with commercial pozzolan−metakaolin. The results indicates that milling has caused the disintegration of particles and the consequent formation of new active surfaces in addition to changes in its physico‐chemical properties that decrease its crystallinity (through amorphization) and increase it reactivity.
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81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
07.20.Dt Thermometers
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

Formation and Characterization of Au/TiO2 NanoComposite by Laser Irradiation

Asma Motamedi and Fereshteh Hajiesmaeilbaigi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 87-92; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663091 (6 pages)

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Nanosized noble metal particles and dielectric matrix composite materials have attracted extensive attention due to their large third‐order nonlinear susceptibility and ultrafast response properties, and have great potential for applications in optical devices. In this study, composite Au/TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by laser irradiation. Characterization of the composite particles by means of UV‐Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out. We have successfully produced composite Au/TiO2 nanoparticles by laser ablation of metal gold plate in TiO2 sol. The red shift of 30 nm in the surface plasmon band of Au is found due to the refractive index of TiO2. The surrounding TiO2 matrix is amorphous, but upon heat treatment becomes a crystalline oxide. Various morphologies of particles are visible, including circular, hexagonal and triangular projection; circular and thus spherical particles being the most common, which were confirm by the TEM images. A large size distribution of particles is visible in TEM images; the average grain size was measured 35 nm, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction studies.
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81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates

Transfer and acceleration of energetic relativistic electrons in Earth belt

Mahmoud Moslehi‐fard, Samad Sobhanian, Sayed Jalal Pestehe, and Elahe Badakhshan

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 93-96; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663092 (4 pages)

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Interaction of resonant electrons with whistler mode waves has important role in Earth radiation belts.
Diffusion of energy due electron cyclotron resonance with harmonics of waves in exterior of plasmapause Occurs in phase of geomagnetic storms. Stochastic acceleration of electrons by whistler mode waves is studied in quasi‐linear theory. Diffusion coefficient and electron pitch angle in exterior of plasmasphere is studied. Electron acceleration with whistler waves is described in different region of magnetosphere.
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76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis

Determination of Kakan's Salt Plug Resource Dimensions and Tonnage with Geophysics Methods (Gravimetery)

R. Taghizadeh, R. Heidari Orojloo, and M. A. Aryana

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 97-102; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663093 (6 pages)

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There is a developed salt plug region in KAKAN (located by Boyer ahmad in Iran) that there are some observations and surface geophysical operations data, so to estimate the salt reserve explorational geophysics operations have to be done. With attention to qualitative annotation which there is in geophysics explorations with Gravimetery method for sult plug measurement. This study with Magnetometery method for characterizing the qualitative and quantitative information which are included determination of salt plug, cap rocks and Anomaly regions and also recommend a good location for explorational drilling. After doing Gravimetery and magnetometery tests, it had been specified that the salt reserve has a spherical shape with 650 m average radius and 100 m depth. Difference between specific weight and environment is 0.3 gr/cm3, so the weight of salt plug is 100 million ton with assuming 2.3 gr/cm3 for specific weight.
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91.10.Pp Geodetic techniques; gravimetric measurements and instruments
07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow
91.10.Jf Topography; geometric observations

The Effect of Ponderomotive Force of a Laser Pulse on the Frequency Shift of its X‐mode Propagation

L. Shahrassai, S. Sobhanian, and H. Khosravi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 103-107; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663094 (5 pages)

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The ponderomotive force of a laser pulse launched into relatively rarefied plasma excites an ion acoustic wave and an electromagnetic wave inside the plasma. The ion acoustic wave induces some perturbation in the plasma density. The wave equation is written for the ion acoustic wave and the relative density perturbation δn∕n is calculated as function of this wave's frequency ωA. The produced electromagnetic wave propagates through the plasma in the presence of a magnetic field both in O(ordinary) and X(extraordinary) modes. In this work estimation is made for the frequency shift of the X‐mode propagation due to the density perturbation in relatively rarefied magnetized plasma.
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52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states

Study of Carbon Atoms Deposited on Graphene Layer Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Sedighe Beigom Hosseini, Mohammad Moradi, and Davood Raoufi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 108-113; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663095 (6 pages)

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In this paper, the deposition of the carbon atoms on a graphene layer has been investigated by the molecular dynamics simulation in the canonical ensemble at finite temperature. In this simulation we use Brenner potential model for interaction between carbon atoms in the graphene layer and Lennard–Jones of Van der Waals potential model for interaction between carbon atoms (gas) and also between carbon atoms (gas) with the graphene layer. In the process of deposition, aggregation and random distribution of carbon atoms on graphene layer lead to produce a rough surface. We study the behavior and changes of the surface roughness as a function of temperature. Finally, we found that the increasing of temperature increase the surface roughness.
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81.05.ue Graphene
33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
07.20.Dt Thermometers
83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics

Studying Some of Electrical and Mechanical Properties for Kevlar Fiber Reinforced Epoxy

Sewench N. Rafeeq and Samah M. Hussein

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 114-122; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663096 (9 pages)

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As ordinary known the ability of synthesizing electrical conducting polymer composites is possible but with poor mechanical properties, for the solution of this problem, we carried out this study in order to obtain that both properties. Three methods were applied for preparing the conductive polyaniline (PANI) composites using Kevlar fiber fabric as substrate for the deposition of the PANI at one time and the prepared composite (EP∕Kevlar fiber) at others. The chemical oxidative method was adopted for polymerization of the aniline and simultaneously protonated of PANI with a hydrochloric acid at concentration (1M). Two kinds of oxidation agents (FeCl3.6H2O) and ((NH4)2S2O8) were used. The electrical measurements indicate the effect of each preparation method, kind of oxidant agent and the kind of mat erial which PANI deposited on the electrical results. The conductivity results showed that the prepared composites lie within semiconductors region. Temperature−dependence of electric conductivity results showed semiconductors and conductors behavior of this material within the applied temperature ranges. The mechan ical property (tensile strength) was studied. X‐ray diffraction study showed the crystalline structure for EP∕Kevlar fiber∕PANI composites prepared by the three methods. These results gave optimism to the synthesis of conductive polymer composites with excellent mechanical properties..
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81.65.Mq Oxidation
82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)

Effect of Mechanical Activation in the Processing of Nano‐Structured La0.8Ba0.2MnO3

Z. Sadighi, A. Ataie, and S. M. Salili

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 123-126; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663097 (4 pages)

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Nano‐structured La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 (LBM3) proveskite was synthesized using a planetary high energy ball mill up to 10 h and subsequent heat treatment. XRD, SEM, and DTA∕TGA techniques were used to evaluate the powder particle characteristics. XRD results showed the characteristic peaks of the starting materials however by increasing the milling time up to 5 h only La2O3 phase was detected. Further increase in the milling resulted in the complete amorphization of the samples up to 10 h. SEM results showed strongly agglomerated structure of LBM3. DTA∕TGA results of 2 h‐milled sample showed three endothermic peaks and a remarkable reduction of weight that may attribute to the calcinations.
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81.20.Wk Machining, milling
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.05.cp X-ray diffraction

Effect of Ball Size and Ball to Powder Ratio Variation on Crystallite Size and Formation of Nanocrystalline Materials in Planetary Ball Mill

S. M. Salili, A. Ataie, and Z. Sadighi

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 127-130; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663098 (4 pages)

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The variation of ball size in a planetary ball mill (PBM) was studied in terms of its effect on the specific impact energy of balls as a result of ball to ball and ball to vial collision calculated through a computer simulation. The mean crystallite size of calcium carbonate in the course of milling as well as the required time for obtaining a thoroughly formed calcium carbonate was also analyzed with variation in ball size and ball to powder mass ratio (BPR). The crystallite size and formation time of calcium carbonate changed as ball size and BPR varied. Based on XRD results it was found that a ball to powder mass ratio of 20:1 required a shorter time for the formation of nano‐crystalline calcium carbonate. Moreover, it has been seen that the presence of randomness in choosing ball sizes leads to finer crystallite sizes.
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07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
61.05.cp X-ray diffraction

Exact Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for a System of A Identical Particles with Non‐central Interactions by NU Method

M. R. Shojaei, A. A. Rajabi, and M. Azimzadeh

AIP Conf. Proc. 1400, pp. 131-134; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663099 (4 pages)

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In this paper, we present exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for a system of A  =  N+1 identical particles with Non‐central interactions. Thus, after the choice Jacobi relative coordinates and at last hypercentral coordinates, Schrödinger equation reduction in to hyper‐central coordinates with one hyper‐radius variable ρ and 3N−1 hyper‐angular variables, ΩN(αi,ωi). Finally we have found exact solution of the hyper‐angular equations by the Nikiforov‐Uvarov method.
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02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
02.30.Tb Operator theory
06.30.Dr Mass and density
45.20.df Momentum conservation
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