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THE 4TH MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (MESIC 2011) Date: 21–23 September 2011 Location: Cadiz, Spain ISBN: 978-0-7354-1017-6 Editor(s): M. Marcos, J. Salguero

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Select this Article		Comparison of aged polyamide powders for selective laser sintering A. Martínez, A. Ibáñez, A. Sánchez, and M. A. León AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 5-13; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707544 (9 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technology in which a three-dimensional object is manufactured layer by layer by melting powder materials with heat generated from a CO₂ laser. However, a disadvantage of sintered materials is that the unsintered powder material during the process can be reused only a limited number of cycles, as during the heating phase in the sintering chamber the material remains at a temperature near the fusion point for a certain period of time and lose properties. This work shows the study of two polyamides (PA12)-based powders used in SLS with the aim of understanding the modification of their properties mainly with the temperature and the time at which they are exposed during the processing.

Select this Article		Designing using manufacturing features T. Szecsi and A. S. M. Hoque AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 14-21; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707545 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper presents a design system that enables the composition of a part using manufacturing features. Features are selected from feature libraries. Upon insertion, the system ensures that the feature does not contradict the design-for-manufacture rules. This helps eliminating costly manufacturing problems. The system is developed as an extension to a commercial CAD/CAM system Pro/Engineer.

Select this Article		Development to integrate conceptual design tools and a CAD system V. H. Torres, J. Ríos, A. Vizán, and J. M. Pérez AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 22-29; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707546 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The information supported by PLM/CAD systems is mainly related to Embodiment and Detail Design Phases. Information related to the Conceptual Design Phase is mainly limited to requirement specification documents and system architecture diagram documents. This work aims helping in the integration of the Conceptual Design process and its associated information flow into a commercial software system. It proposes a development framework to integrate Quality Function Deployment, Axiomatic Design, and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis into a PLM/CAD system. This communication presents the methodology used in the development, the software development environment, the modeling of the proposed application and the first results of a pilot implementation.

Select this Article		DIC-CAM recipe for reverse engineering P. Romero-Carrillo, E. Lopez-Alba, R. Dorado, and F. A. Diaz-Garrido AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 30-36; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707547 (7 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Reverse engineering (RE) tries to model and manufacture an object from measurements one of a reference object. Modern optical measurement systems and computer aided engineering software have improved reverse engineering procedures. We detail the main RE steps from 3D digitalization by Digital Image Correlation to manufacturing. The previous description is complemented with an application example, which portrays the performance of RE. The differences between original and manufactured objects are less than 2 mm (close to the tool radius).

Select this Article		Digital modeling of end-mill cutting tools for FEM applications from the active cutting contour J. Salguero, M. Marcos, M. Batista, A. Gómez, P. Mayuet, and R. Bienvenido AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 37-42; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707548 (6 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A very current technique in the research field of machining by material removal is the use of simulations using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Nevertheless, and although is widely used in processes that allows approximations to orthogonal cutting, such as shaping, is scarcely used in more complexes processes, such as milling. This fact is due principally to the complex geometry of the cutting tools in these processes, and the need to realize the studi es in an oblique cutting configuration. This paper shows a methodology for the geometrical characterization of commercial endmill cutting tools, by the extraction of the cutting tool contour, making use of optical metrology, and using this geometry to model the active cutting zone with a 3D CAD software. This model is easily exportable to different CAD formats, such as IGES or STEP, and importable from FEM software, where is possible to study the behavior in service of the same ones.

Select this Article		Preface: The 4th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference (MESIC 2011) M. Marcos and J. Salguero AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 1-1; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707543 (1 page) Full Text: Download PDF
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Select this Article		Social return of R&D investments in manufacturing sector: Some insights from an exploratory case study J. Cunha, P. Ferreira, M. Araújo, and E. Ares AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 43-53; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707549 (11 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper aims at contributing to the literature on how to measure the social impact of Research and Development (R&D) investment projects. For that purpose, an exploratory case study was undertaken to assess the importance that companies give to the social return of R&D investments and to identify the criteria and indicators more relevant for this evaluation process. The research undertaken is based on interviews conducted as part of a case study methodology involving a maritime-sector private company and the Technological Center of the Sea in Vigo. The results indicate that the criteria chosen as being the most important for the evaluation of social return of R&D were the number of jobs created at the company, the environmental impact and the working conditions. Also, in the case of Support Programs for R&D applications funding the research results indicate that the evaluation process presently followed does not properly address the socio-economic factors.

Select this Article		Spiral pocketing by conformal mappings P. Romero-Carrillo, R. Dorado, F. A. Diaz-Garrido, and R. Lopez-Garcia AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 54-61; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707550 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Pocketing is usual in numerical control (NC) machining applications like die and mould operations. The usual parallel cuts or offset curves strategies show C1 discontinuities, thus they are not well fitted for high speed machining. In order to alleviate this drawback, we propose a C∝. path that fills a target region and it is computed via a conformal mapping of an Archimedes' spiral. Regarding continuity, machining time and overcut, our spirals are adequate if they are compared to CAM system strategies.

Select this Article		Advanced high strength steel (AHSS) TWIP: A door to the future in metal forming R. Pla-Ferrando, S. Sánchez-Caballero, M. J. Reig, R. Pla, M. A. Sellés, and V. J. Seguí AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 65-73; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707551 (9 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The last decades have been characterized by a fast evolution of cars. This work shows the evolution of vehicle weight. It shows the response of car manufacturers using new materials and production methods that allow lighter vehicles with lower consumption, cheaper and with lower influence on the greenhouse effect. One of the materials which means a most interesting change is the TWIP steel. This material is characterized by its high strength, his exceptional strain and excellent formability as well as lower energy consumption in their manufacture. TWIP steel are changing towards cheaper compositions and higher performance, and it's going to be great influence in the vehicle weight reduction in the next years.

Select this Article		Application of the upper bound element technique with triangular rigid blocks in indentation C. Bermudo, F. Martín, and L. Sevilla AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 74-81; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707552 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Present work develops the Triangular Rigid Blocks method (TRB) by means of the Upper Bound Element Technique (UBET) on indentation, a plastic deformation process. Boundary conditions of this process does not limit the vertical material flow in the opposite direction to the applied load, and the die-block has not effect on the entire top surface part, in contrast to previous studies developed on forging processes. The application of this method by studying the behaviour of different geometrical-kinematic alternatives allows obtaining a minimum load value that ensures the deformation of the part, with the possibility of inclusion of different parameters that govern and determine the deformation process.

Select this Article		Evaluation of the strain-induced martensite of TRIP 800 steel by magnetic induction V. Miguel, F. J. Avellaneda, J. Coello, A. Martínez, and A. Calatayud AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 82-90; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707553 (9 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract TRIP 800 steels, that are used in many applications in which de conformability and the dimension tolerances of the formed parts must be compatible, changes their structure with the deformation grade. So, the retained austenite turns into martensite what is called "deformation induced martensite". Then, the evaluation of this effect as a function of the strain that the steel can take in forming processes is important from the viewpoint of modelling some effects as springback, for example. In this work, a magnetic induction method is experimented in order to determine the evolution of a TRIP 800 steel microstructure with the strain grade. The variables that can have influence on this kind of analysis methodology have been studied and their effects determined. This method has been applied to determine the induced martensite after the deformation under pure shear condition, that is typical of deep-drawing processes. Results point that this method allows to determine the microstructure evolution that takes place in TRIP 800 steels.

Select this Article		Experimental analysis of nano-structured materials forging by using plane-shape dies I. Puertas, C. J. Luis, D. Salcedo, and I. Pérez AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 91-99; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707554 (9 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In recent years some severe plastic deformation processes have been developed with the aim of obtaining a material with micrometric grain size or even nanometric, such as: ECAE (Equal channel angular extrusion), HPT (High pressure torsion) and CCDR (Continuous combined drawing and rolling), among others. The aim of this work is to study the forging of the 5083 aluminium alloy, previously deformed plastically by ECAE using plane shape dies. This will be done at different temperatures measuring the final properties of the obtained material. A comparison with the AA 5083 full annealed, without ECAE deformation, will be made.

Select this Article		Experimental and FEM analysis of the AA 6082 processed by equal channel angular extrusion up to two passages using route C J. León, J. P. Fuertes, C. J. Luis, R. Luri, and I. Puertas AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 100-110; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707555 (11 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Recent studies have shown that Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) processes improve the mechanical properties of the parts processed by a reduction in the grain size. Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is one of the most well-known SPD processes. A study on the force and the strain after two ECAE passages is made, along with the damage imparted to AA-6082, by means of experiments and Finite Element Simulations (FEM). The aim of this research is to make a comparative study between experimental results and those obtained by FEM in order to verify the feasibility of these FEM simulations. In addition to this, it is intended to analyze the homogeneity obtained in the strain values after two ECAE passages through route C.

Select this Article		Influence of corrugation shape in steel bars ductility used on reinforced concrete B. Hortigón, E. J. Nieto, F. Fernández, and O. Hernández AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 111-117; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707556 (7 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Necking process stress and strain analysis, which is key to determine the plastic flow evolution in finite deformation, has been widely studied and applied to a number of materials based on the theories established by Davidenkov-Spiridnova and Bridgman in the 40's decade. These theories envolve from the study of necking geometry in fracture. In this paper, we develop an exhaustive experimental analysis of the stress and strain field in the necking process, applied to concrete bars and mechanized samples with similar features, in order to compare the results with the ones given by the theories listed above and to look for the corrugation influence in the material's plastic behavior.

Select this Article		New parametric formulation of elastoplastic behavior in ductile metals E. J. Nieto, B. Hortigón, F. Fernández, and O. Hernández AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 118-125; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707557 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Characterizing elastoplastic behavior is important for industrial manufacturing of ductile metal parts due to the plastic deformation needed in most of the cases. What we mean by ductility refers to a metal ability to deform in a plastic way until fracture. A more specific characterization of steel ductility shall improve significantly the analysis of certain structural pathologies, being able to be also more accurate in establishing safety factors for compromised structures.

Select this Article		Optimization of cold formed steel cross section profile for timber upgrading C. González-Bravo, J. Claver, R. Alvarez, and R. Domingo AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 126-133; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707558 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The aim of this paper is to study the mechanical capacity improvement in a cold formed steel cross section with thickness of 1 mm regards to a cross section made by means of hot-rolled steel with thickness of 4 mm, respectively. Likewise, the differences are studied in the manufacturing processes used in both profiles, and the particularities of cold formed steel cross section. This paper analyzes temperature, stress and deformations using Element Method DEFORM software. This research has been focused in the study of accumulation points of stress to verify the behavior of the sheet of cold formed steel during the folded process. Stress of the steel cross section has been analyzed during the folded process, showing instant step of simulation. Conclusions show how these points of stress concentration could be an influence during the manufacturing process.

Select this Article		Physical model to predict the ball-burnishing forces H. A. González-Rojas and J. A. Travieso-Rodríguez AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 134-139; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707559 (6 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract In this paper, we have developed a physical model to predict the forces of the ball burnishing. The models have been constructed on the basis of the plasticity theory. During the model development we have figured out the dimensionless number B that characterizes the problem of plastic deformation in the ball-burnishing. The experiments performed in steel and aluminum allows to validate the model and to emphasize the correct prediction of behavior patterns that the model describes.

Select this Article		Springback evaluation for TRIP 800 steel sheets by simple bending tests F. J. Avellaneda, V. Miguel, J. Coello, A. Martínez, and A. Calatayud AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 140-147; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707560 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract TRIP steels, or Transformed Induced Plasticity steels, have excellent mechanical properties if compared with conventional steels. Strain hardening is also greater, thus they offer a good combination of strength and formability properties that may be justified by the multiphase structure of these steels. The highlighted characteristic of these steels is that they modify the microstructure with the deformation process as part of the austenite transforms to martensite, with the consequent change of the material properties. One of the main problems of TRIP steels is strong elastic recovery, or springback, after forming. In this work, the springback phenomenon is evaluated by bending tests and the influence of the variables involved in it is determined. The factor found to affect material recovery the most was the bending angle. Experimental bending forces do not agree with theoretical predictions.

Select this Article		A parametric model for the measurement of linear magnitudes in non-contact CMM J. M. Vázquez, D. García, J. E. Garófano, J. P. Contreras, and M. Marcos AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 151-157; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707561 (7 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Research work has been carried out to determine an approach to a relationship that made possible to the most suitable configuration for non-contact coordinate measure machines (CMM) in order to obtain high quality measurements of linear magnitudes. This paper describes the development of a parametric model between the optical magnification, the length of samples and the values obtained of correction and uncertainty of the measures. For this purpose, an experimental methodology has been designed for obtaining on the most appropriate conditions the data that will be subject of this work. The experimental results indicate that the optical amplification and the length of the sample are the most significant factors affecting the uncertainty of the measures. The model presented in this paper has been determined through approximations to multivariate regression expressions and can be great assistance in the choice of the most appropriate input parameters to setup the measurement device.

Select this Article		A proposal for the metrological characterization of circular features with digital optical machines P. Maresca, E. Gómez, J. Caja, C. Barajas, and M. Berzal AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 158-168; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707562 (11 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper aims to analyze the different adjustment methods commonly used to characterize indirect metrology circular features: least square circle, minimum zone circle, maximum inscribed circle and minimum circumscribed circle. The analysis was performed from images obtained by digital optical machines. The calculation algorithms, self-developed, have been implemented in Matlab® and take into consideration as study variables: the amplitude of angular sector of the circular feature, its nominal radio and the magnification used by the optical machine. Under different conditions, it was determined the radius and circularity error of different circular standards. The comparison of the results, obtained by the different methods of adjustments used, with certified values for the standards, has allowed us to determine the accuracy of each method and its scope.

Select this Article		Alternative method for the metrological characterization of spur gears in the sub-millimeter range using optical equipment J. Caja, E. Gómez, C. Barajas, P. Maresca, and M. Berzal AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 169-180; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707563 (12 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The aim of this work is to develop a software that allows the inspection of spur gear manufactured in the sub-millimeter range. The measurements are made using a digital optical machine and using an analysis proprietary software implemented in Matlab®, which is able to handle images, captured using the digital optical machine. The software allows to evaluate the profile and pitch deviations as establish in the ISO/TR 10064-1:1992 standard [1].

Select this Article		An alternative method to achieve metrological confirmation in measurement process M. Villeta, E. M. Rubio, A. Sanz, and L. Sevilla AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 181-188; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707564 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Metrological confirmation process must be designed and implemented to ensure that metrological characteristics of the measurement system meet metrological requirements of the measurement process. The aim of this paper is to present an alternative method to the traditional metrological requirements about the relationship between tolerance and measurement uncertainty, to develop such confirmation processes. The proposed way to metrological confirmation considers a given inspection task of the measurement process into the manufacturing system, and it is based on the Index of Contamination of the Capability, ICC. Metrological confirmation process is then developed taking into account the producer risks and economic considerations on this index. As a consequence, depending on the capability of the manufacturing process, the measurement system will be or will not be in adequate state of metrological confirmation for the measurement process.

Select this Article		An analysis of the influence of cutting parameters on the turning process on the fatigue life of aluminum alloy UNS A92024-T351 A. Gómez, A. Sanz, and M. Marcos AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 189-196; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707565 (8 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Generally, metal structural elements of aircraft are placed in zones of critical load, in most cases, these elements are manufactured by machining processes. The fatigue life of these components is an important dynamic property that may be strongly affected by the surface condition produced during machining. In this paper an initial study of the influence of cutting parameters on fatigue strength of parts machined in aeronautical aluminum alloy UNS A92024-T351 is carried out. Special attention has been provided to the relationship with surface finish evaluated through the roughness average.

Select this Article		Comparative analysis of tolerance allocation in mechanical assemblies based on cost-tolerance curves A. Sanz, M. Guimeráns, I. González, and J. Pérez AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 197-206; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707566 (10 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract This paper proposes a method for determining the values of the individual tolerances of the parts that form the assembly and satisfying the tolerance imposed for the component, optimizing the total manufacturing cost bearing in mind the cost functions based on the process. It starts with the main work done in the line of tolerance allocation and proposes the work model, which it is based on the optimization of costs from the implementation of the method of Lagrange multipliers to various cost-tolerance curves.

Select this Article		Considerations in determining the cost of measurement uncertainty associated with dimensional tolerances verification A. Sanz Lobera, M. Villeta López, and M. A. Sebastián Pérez AIP Conf. Proc. 1431, pp. 207-216; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4707567 (10 pages) Full Text: Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The verification of compliance with a design specification in manufacturing requires the use of metrological instruments to check if the magnitude associated with the design specification is or not according with tolerance range. Such instrumentation and their use during the measurement process, has associated an uncertainty of measurement whose value must be related to the value of tolerance tested. Most papers dealing jointly tolerance and measurement uncertainties are mainly focused on the establishment of a relationship uncertainty-tolerance without paying much attention to the impact from the standpoint of process cost. This paper analyzes the cost-measurement uncertainty, considering uncertainty as a productive factor in the process outcome. This is done starting from a cost-tolerance model associated with the process. By means of this model the existence of a measurement uncertainty is calculated in quantitative terms of cost and its impact on the process is analyzed.

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